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10 اختراع كه نمي دانستيد ايراني هستند

10 اختراع كه نمي دانستيد ايراني هستند


همانطور كه از يكي از قديمي ترين تمدن هاي مستمر در جهان انتظار داريد، ايران و ايرانيان چيزها و مفاهيم مبتكرانه و انقلابي بسياري را خلق كرده اند كه ما اكنون آنها را بديهي مي دانيم. از خدمات پستي گرفته تا يخچال، در اينجا 10 اختراع را كه احتمالاً نمي دانستيد ايراني هستند آورده شده است.
حقوق بشراستوانه كوروش از لحاظ تاريخي به عنوان اولين منشور جهاني حقوق بشر در جهان شناخته شده است. استوانه كوروش كه در سال 534 قبل از ميلاد ساخته شده است از گل ساخته شده و به خط ميخي اكدي نوشته شده است و يك هزاره پيش از Magna Carta است. در سال 1879 در بابل كشف شد و اكنون در موزه بريتانيا در لندن نگهداري مي شود.

استوانه كوروش | ©جاستين انيس/فليكرخدمات پستيچاپار خانه اصطلاحي فارسي براي اولين سيستم خدمات پستي است كه در دوران امپراتوري هخامنشي استفاده شد. اين توسط كوروش بزرگ ايجاد شد و بعدها توسط داريوش بزرگ به عنوان يك روش ارتباطي در سراسر سرزمين هاي ايراني توسعه يافت. اين سيستم از مجموعه اي از ايستگاه ها در امتداد يك بزرگراه 2500 متري در سرتاسر امپراتوري تشكيل شده بود، جايي كه "چاپارها" سوار بر اسب مي شدند و پست را از يك قسمت از پادشاهي به قسمت ديگر تحويل مي دادند.
اطلاعات بيشتريخچالدر 400 سال قبل از ميلاد، ايرانيان باستان اولين يخچال جهان را ساختند. واژه فارسي يخچال – يخچال – به گودال يخ ترجمه مي‌شود، كه اين همان چيزي است كه يخچال امروزي شروع شد. ساختار اوليه شكلي گنبدي تا حدودي شبيه يك كوه كوچك داشت و عمدتاً براي نگهداري يخ و گاهي اوقات مواد غذايي نيز استفاده مي‌شد.
جبرمحمد بن موسي خوارزمي (750-850 ميلادي) از دانشمندان ايراني در بغداد بود. كار او در دوران خلافت عباسي در زمينه هاي رياضيات، نجوم و جغرافيا بود. امروزه او بيشتر به خاطر روشي كه از طريق آن جبر را به عنوان يك علم مستقل تدريس مي كرد، شناخته مي شود. به همين دليل از او به عنوان بنيانگذار جبر ياد مي شود.

جبر | ©arjin j/flickrاسيد سولفوريكزكرياي رازي (۸۶۵-۹۲۵ ميلادي) از دانشمندان ايراني پيشرو بود كه الكل و اسيد سولفوريك را كشف كرد. امروزه، اسيد سولفوريك طيف وسيعي از كاربردها و كاربردها، از جمله به عنوان پاك كننده تخليه، به عنوان يك الكتروليت در باتري هاي سرب اسيد و در ساير محصولات پوشاك دارد.
شطرنجاگرچه در مورد اينكه بازي شطرنج از هند يا ايران سرچشمه گرفته است اختلاف نظر وجود دارد، اما اولين ذكرهاي شطرنج به صورت نوشتاري را مي توان در ادبيات ايران يافت. قديمي‌ترين مهره‌هاي شطرنج باقي‌مانده از سرزمين‌هاي ايراني آمده است، بنابراين اين باور تقويت مي‌شود كه شطرنج از ايران سرچشمه گرفته است.

شطرنج | ©EdithSoto/flickrگيتارقديمي‌ترين نسخه گيتار مدرن به شكل تار يا لوت وجود دارد - يك ساز چوبي كه براي توليد موسيقي روي آن سيم مي‌كوبيدند.

گيتار | ©LauraBernhardt/flickrاكتشافات مهم در پزشكي مدرنابن سينا يا ابوعلي سينا در دنياي غرب بيشتر با نام آويسينا شناخته مي شود. او را يكي از برجسته ترين پزشكان، ستاره شناسان و متفكران عصر طلايي اسلامي (قرن 8-13) مي دانند. پس از كسب صلاحيت به عنوان پزشك در سن 18 سالگي، او به توليد مشهورترين آثار خود ادامه داد: «كتاب شفا» و «قانون پزشكي»، يك دايره المعارف پزشكي.
اولين دين توحيديدين زرتشتي كهن‌ترين دين توحيدي جهان به شمار مي‌رود كه بيش از 3500 سال پيش توسط زرتشت پيامبر در شهر يزد كه اكنون در ايران است، پايه‌گذاري شد. برآوردها حاكي از وجود حدود 190000 زرتشتي در سراسر جهان است.
قنات (آبياري آبي)قنات يك سيستم مديريت آب بود كه در آبياري استفاده مي شد كه قدمت آن به دوران قبل از هخامنشيان مي رسد. قديمي ترين قنات شناخته شده در شهر گناباد ايران است كه پس از گذشت 2700 سال هنوز موفق به تامين آب آشاميدني و كشاورزي مردم مي شود.


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About Rubalkhali:
http://www.rubalkhali.com

Rub al Kali is a desert in S Arabia, mainly in Saudi Arabia, extending southeast from Nejd to Hadramaut and northeast from Yemen to the United Arab Emirates. Area: about 777 000 sq km (300 000 sq miles)English names: Great Sandy Desert, Empty Quarter Also called: Ar Rimal
Today, the magical Rub’ al Khali (Empty Quarter) offers the same serene silence that it did when Thesiger explored it with his Emirati and Omani companions in the 1940s, its fine golden and red sands shifting with the winds to form dunes hundreds of feet high and visible as far as the eye can see.
Beautiful by day or starry night, this ever-changing expanse of desert boasts one of the world’s most luxurious hotels: the magnificent Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort by Anantara.
A fairytale destination reminiscent of the tale One Thousand and One Nights, this luxury five-star oasis resembles an old Arabian fortress town, nestled in a valley of towering dunes.

Aside from warm Arabian hospitality, exquisite interiors and sumptuous dining, the hotel also offers solo travellers, couples or families a dose of adventure, from dawn desert walks to camel trekking, dune bashing to falconry and Saluki (desert hunting dog) shows, camp-fire barbecues to fat-tyre biking, and much more.

Perched on the edge of this majestic desert you’ll also find the stunning Tilal Liwa Hotel, a secluded luxury hideaway with all the comforts of modern life, of course. Discover impressive restaurants, an enormous outdoor pool with breathtaking views of the dunes, and a range of desert activities for all ages.

If you’re in the Empty Quarter, try to get up close and personal with the world’s tallest sand dune, Tel Moreeb, which means Terrifying Mountain. Over 300 metres high and boasting a 50° incline, this photogenic dune is a dream for 4x4 enthusiasts, with experienced bikers and drivers competing to climb to the top during the Moreeb Hill Climb event, part of the Liwa International Festival that takes place in the winter. If you prefer to err on the side of caution, simply watch dune-side and get some covetable photographs.

Perfect for the traveller who wants an authentic and immersive adventure experience, Abu Dhabi’s Empty Quarter is a must-see bucket-list destination.
Travel to Greatest Sand Desert Of The world; Middle East Tours and Travel, News, Wonders, Travel, Tips & Culture; Tours to Middle east countries, Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, ***, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Israel, Yemen, RubAlKhali, Rub Al Khali

About alcoholicity: 

http://www.alcoholicity.com

Alcoholicity means the strength of an alcoholic liquor. Alcoholic quality; especially the alcoholic strength of wine.
This word is first recorded in the period 1870–75. Other words that entered English at around the same time include: asymmetric, billing, fifth wheel, immobilize, upgrade
In alcohol science, especially in the alcohol policy field, the term ‘alcohol quality’ is regularly used. For example, it is assumed that increase in alcohol price (e.g. due to taxation) may lead to substitution from ‘higher quality’ to ‘lower quality’ brands (Gruenewald et al., 2006). However, there is no clear definition of ‘alcohol quality’. We will argue that using the term with varying definitions and underlying concepts may lead to misunderstanding, if not to clear misinformation (sometimes also intentionally by industry) when ‘lower quality’ is interpreted as ‘more toxic’ especially in the case of substitution to unrecorded alcohol (Lachenmeier and Rehm, 2009).

If we search for the concept of ‘alcohol quality’ (with all variations such as wine/beer/spirit quality) in PubMed and Web of Science, it becomes quickly evident that the use of the term varies considerably depending on the scientific field and the individual author (Table 1). In the food science and technology field and also from a consumer's perspective, the alcohol quality is mostly determined by intrinsic factors such as organoleptic quality (typical desirable taste and absence of off-flavours). To a lesser extent, the degree of craftsmanship or the absence of certain artificial ingredients are associated with quality in this field (Adams, 2006). The problem is that such indicators are difficult to measure. The restricted literature that is available shows that in most cases consumers were unable to differentiate brands of beers (Allison and Uhl, 1964; Cox and Klinger, 1983; Segal and Stockwell, 2009), malt whisky from blended whisky (Chadwick and Dudley, 1983) or between different strengths of vodka and rum (Lachenmeier et al., 2011a) by taste and a study on US beer brands by professional tasters has shown that there was no correlation between price and taste-test quality either (Anon, 1996). Only panels of highly trained assessors (e.g. according to ISO 8586-1) may have the ability to discriminate products within one category of alcoholic beverages such as types of Scotch whisky or wine (Lee et al., 2001; Zamora and Guirao, 2004).
Drinks, Alcohol, Wines, Beer, Spirits, Mixers, Cocktails, Food, Cooking, Cakes, Sweets, Things To Know

 

About chibouk: 

http://www.chibouk.com

Chibouk is a a long-stemmed Turkish tobacco pipe with a clay bowl. 

Like Chinese opium pipes, chibouk are antiquated smoking devices, and are rarely, if at all produced in modern times. Their use in Turkey and the Middle East may have died out with the growing popularity of the hookah and cigarettes. Old chibouk and chibouk bowls can still be purchased as antiques.

Similar pipes were once used in North Africa to smoke hashish.[3] Some specialized chibouk were produced to act as long, cigarette-holding pipes. Some had detachable mouthpieces.

Enver Pasha was known to have smoked chibouk,[4] as was Jirjis al-Jawhari (Moallem Guerguis Koft), a Coptic Egyptian leader appointed the General Steward of all Egypt by Napoleon in 1798.

The Chibouk Smoker by Théobald Chartran, Turc Au Chibouk by James Lewis Caw, Interieur d'un café Turc by Chevalier Auguste de Henikstein, and Guerrier fumant le Chibouk by Johann Hermann are examples of chibouk featured in art and illustration.
Chibouk, Smoking, Drugs, Alcohol, Stay Healthy, Research, News, Shop, illegal drugs, MARIJUANA, HASHISH, HEROIN, OPIUM, CANNABINOIDS, OPIOIDS, COCAINE, AMPHETAMINE, METHAMPHETAMINE, CLUB DRUGS, MDMA, FLUNITRAZEPAM, KETAMINE, DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS, PCP, ANALOGS, SALVIA DIVINORUM, DEXTROMETHORPHAN, LSD, MESCALINE, PSILOCYBIN, HALLUCINOGENS, ANABOLIC STEROIDS, INHALANTS

 

About heavyarmed:

http://www.heavyarmed.com

heavyarmed means having or carrying heavy arms. when armed means using or carrying weapons. how about army? The Army recruits, organizes, trains and equips soldiers who, as vital members of their units and the joint team, conduct prompt, sustained combat and stability operations on land. The Army also is charged with providing logistics and support to enable the other services to accomplish their missions, and supporting civil authorities in time of emergency, when directed.

The Army continues to provide combatant commanders with a wide range of forces and capabilities to prevail in the war on terror, sustain our global commitments and build effective multinational coalitions. In addition to supporting the Global War on Terrorism, the Army also assists with:

Multinational exercises that reflect our longstanding leadership of, and commitment to, an expanding North Atlantic Treaty Organization and many other alliances
The defense of South Korea, Japan and many other friends, allies and partners
Ongoing peacekeeping operation
The security of our borders
Operations and equipment to counter the flow of illegal drugs
Heavyarmed, heavy armed, Weapons, Long Guns, Hand Guns, Heavy Guns, Cold Weapons, Future Weapons, Armors, Accessories, Military, Survival, Bugging Out, Skills, Do It Yourself, Food, Health, Survival Tips, Urban Survival

 

About accordingas:

http://www.accordingas.com

According as means 1)"in accord with the way in which" 2)to the extent that; proportionately as. 3)Depending on whether; if.
History and Etymology for according as: Middle English accordynge "with respect to," derivative of acordyng "agreeing," from present participle of accorden "to ACCORD entry 1"
The website is about psychology and logic. While the psychology of today reflects the discipline's rich and varied history, the origins of psychology differ significantly from contemporary conceptions of the field. In order to gain a full understanding of psychology, you need to spend some time exploring its history and origins.
How did psychology originate? When did it begin? Who were the people responsible for establishing psychology as a separate science? Find out more in accordingas.com
New Ideas Of Life, Psychology, Philosophy, Mental Health, Disorders, Issues, Addictions, Mental Disorders, Life Issues, Wellness, Personal Development, Treatments, Interventions, Logic, Reasonable decisions, AccordingAs, According As

 

About impendent:

http://www.impendent.com

what impendent means? It means close in time; about to occur. in impendent.com we will talk about future technologies.
The American public anticipates that the coming half-century will be a period of profound scientific change, as inventions that were once confined to the realm of science fiction come into common uغير مجاز مي باشدe. This is among the main findings of a new national survey by the Pew Research Center and Smithsonian magazine, which asked Americans about a wide range of potential scientific developments—from near-term advances like robotics and bioengineering, to more “futuristic” possibilities like teleportation or space colonization. In addition to asking them for their predictions about the long-term future of scientific advancement, we also asked them to share their own feelings and attitudes toward some new developments that might become common features of American life in the relatively near future.

Overall, most Americans anticipate that the technological developments of the coming half-century will have a net positive impact on society. Some 59% are optimistic that coming technological and scientific changes will make life in the future better, while 30% think these changes will lead to a future in which people are worse off than they are today.

Many Americans pair their long-term optimism with high expectations for the inventions of the next half century. Fully eight in ten (81%) expect that within the next 50 years people needing new organs will have them custom grown in a lab, and half (51%) expect that computers will be able to create art that is indistinguishable from that produced by humans. On the other hand, the public does see limits to what science can attain in the next 50 years. Fewer than half of Americans—39%—expect that scientists will have developed the technology to teleport objects, and one in three (33%) expect that humans will have colonized planets other than Earth. Certain terrestrial challenges are viewed as even more daunting, as just 19% of Americans expect that humans will be able to control the weather in the foreseeable future.
Impendent, New Life Technologies, Digital Tech, Future Computers, Mobile News, New Apps, Best Gadgets, Amazing Robots, Top Games, Space News, Modern Vehicles, Military, Future Food, Sport technologies, Health & Medical Explorations ,
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About ithinkwow:

http://www.ithinkwow.com

Here you can find every WoW cool things you are looking for. I think wow is a great website about amazing things in world.

Humans are curious creatures, and our curiosity drives a search for explanations. So while this search may fit squarely in the realm of science, it is hardly confined to the pursuits of scientists and intellectuals. Even preschoolers ask why, and indeed may do so to the exasperation of adults. Yet adults seek to understand things, too. They want to know why their partner responded angrily to their request, why the train was late, or why the weather changed so suddenly. By helping us understand our environment, explanations give us some control over our lives. I interviewed psychologist Tania Lombrozo at the University of California at Berkeley to find out more about the types of explanations people want, why we value these, and which types of human reasoning bring us closer to the truth.

Do people prefer some explanations of the world to others? Absolutely – there’s good evidence that people have strong and systematic preferences for some types of explanations over others. In my work, for example, I’ve found that people prefer explanations that provide a function or purpose, called “teleological explanations.” If I ask, for instance, “why does your cup have a handle?” a teleological explanations might be, “The cup has a handle so that you can lift it without burning your fingers.” In many cases, we’re more attracted to teleological explanations than to “mechanistic” alternatives, such as explaining the cup’s handle by going through the process that was used to manufacture that shape. Not everything has a function or purpose, however, so not everything has a teleological explanation. Why are there mountains? Why are there rivers? Such entities simply won’t support teleological explanations, unless you’re committed to an underlying designer, such as God, who designed then for some purpose. 
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About foresaid:

http://www.foresaid.com

Foresaid means "mentioned before"; aforesaid. The website is about success, psychology and personal developments.
And What Does Success Mean? Success is something that you have to define for yourself, and no one can do it for you. Success could mean a sense of giving back to the world and making a difference. It could mean a sense of accomplishment and career progression.

It could mean being able to do the things you love. It could mean being able to provide the best possible upbringing for your children.

It’s entirely up to you.

A one-size-fits-all approach is impossible.

Let’s talk about the habits of successful people, and how successful people achieve great things by defining their own terms for success.

It’s never too late to write your success story

Many people think that they’re already too old to succeed, but Success has no deadline.

In fact, according to the Forbes Top 100 list, on average, the people who found the world’s biggest companies don’t start until age 35. Out of 539 founders, the average age of starting their company was 40. Many of the world’s most successful people don’t even start pursuing their dreams until their 50s or 60s.

Success doesn’t mean by a certain age, at a certain time, or by a certain deadline. It isn’t about any other person’s measures or metrics except your own. Understanding success in your terms doesn’t happen overnight. It takes time, and many acts of courage, to uncover the deeper questions at the heart of your success journey.

Life hackLife Tips, Success, Stay Healthy, Best Quotes, Personal Development, Motivation, Business, Well-Being, Videos, Foresaid

 

About empoison:

http://www.empoison.com

Empoison is an archaic word for poison. Also means "embitter, to make poisonous; taint or corrupt".
1)To administer poison to (a person or animal); to kill or injure with poison; = "poison". Also without object.
2)To add poison to (food, drink, etc.); to cover or impregnate (an object) with poison so as to make it harmful; to make poisonous or venomous.
3)To pollute or adulterate with a harmful or noxious substance; to contaminate.
4)To embitter (a person, his or her feelings, a relationship, etc.); to make hostile or malignant; to turn (a person or his or her mind) against.

What Are Types of Poisoning? Poisons include highly toxic chemicals not meant for human ingestion or contact, such as cyanide, paint thinners, or household cleaning products.
Many poisons, however, are substances meant for humans to eat, including foods and medicines.
Foods : Some mushrooms are poisonous
Drinking water contaminated by agricultural or industrial chemicals
Food that has not been properly prepared or handled

Drugs: Drugs that are helpful in therapeutic doses may be deadly when taken in excess.

Examples include:
Beta blockers: Beta blockers are a class of drugs used to treat heart conditions (for example, angina, abnormal heart rhythms) and other conditions, (for example, high blood pressure, migraine headache prevention, social phobia, and certain types of tremors). In excess, they can cause difficulty breathing, coma, and heart failure.
Warfarin (Coumadin): Coumadin is a blood thinner used to prevent blood clots. It is the active ingredient in many rat poisons and may cause heavy bleeding and death if too much is taken.
Vitamins: Vitamins, especially A and D, if taken in large amounts can cause liver problems and death.

Agricultural chemicals: The majority of agricultural chemicals are pesticides, which include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, fumigants, and rodenticides.
Deadly Animal, Animals, Plants, Chemical, Drinks, Food, Facts, Deadly Planet, Save A LifeDeadly Plants, Deadly Chemicals, Deadly Drinks, Deadly Food, Deadly Facts, Deadly Planet, Save A Life, Poison Animals, Poison Plants, Poison Chemical, Poison Drinks, Poison Food, Poison Facts , Poison Planet, Save A Life

 

About compotation:
http://www.compotation.com

compotation means a drinking or tippling together. (An act or instance of drinking or tippling together).
Throughout the 10,000 or so years that humans have been drinking fermented beverages, they’ve also been arguing about their merits and demerits. The debate still simmers today, with a lively back-and-forth over whether alcohol is good for you or bad for you.

It’s safe to say that alcohol is both a tonic and a poison. The difference lies mostly in the dose. Moderate drinking seems to be good for the heart and circulatory system, and probably protects against type 2 diabetes and gallstones. Heavy drinking is a major cause of preventable death in most countries. In the U.S., alcohol is implicated in about half of fatal traffic accidents. Heavy drinking can damage the liver and heart, harm an unborn child, increase the chances of developing breast and some other cancers, contribute to depression and violence, and interfere with relationships.

Alcohol’s two-faced nature shouldn’t come as a surprise. The active ingredient in alcoholic beverages, a simple molecule called ethanol, affects the body in many different ways. It directly influences the stomach, brain, heart, gallbladder, and liver. It affects levels of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) and insulin in the blood, as well as inflammation and coagulation. It also alters mood, concentration, and coordination.
What’s Moderate Alcohol Intake? What’s a Drink?
Loose use of the terms “moderate” and “a drink” has fueled some of the ongoing debate about alcohol’s impact on health.

In some studies, the term “moderate drinking” refers to less than 1 drink per day, while in others it means 3-4 drinks per day. Exactly what constitutes “a drink” is also fairly fluid. In fact, even among alcohol researchers, there’s no universally accepted standard drink definition.

In the U.S., 1 drink is usually considered to be 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1½ ounces of spirits (hard liquor such as gin or whiskey). Each delivers about 12 to 14 grams of alcohol on average, but there is a wider range now that microbrews and wine are being produced with higher alcohol content.
Dating, Relationships, Communication, Understanding, Understanding Men, Understanding Women, ***, Love Advice, Marriage, Divorce, Make New Friends

 

About consumedly:

http://www.consumedly.com

First Known Use of consumedly was in 1707. Consumedly means "as if consumed" : extremely or excessively.
This website is about Diets and weight loss.
What Happens to Your Body When You Go on an Extreme Diet?
Extreme diets yield extreme results – but not always in the way you’d like.
In the short term, extreme diets can help move the needle down on your scale, but they’ll likely also make you feel sluggish, moody, nauseated and achy. In the short term, some of these issues may be concerning to your health. In the long term, they can set you up for rebound weight gain.
Here’s a breakdown of the changes that happen in your body when you boycott carbs, drink every meal or deprive your body of the calories it needs.
You Become Dehydrated
Your immediate “success” on a crash diet is just an illusion, as any pounds lost likely come from water rather than fat, says Dr. Louis J. Aronne, an internal medicine and obesity specialist with the Comprehensive Weight Control Center at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City.
That’s because when you restrict calories, carbohydrates or both, the first source of energy your body burns – long before fat – is glycogen, he says. Glycogen is a form of carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscles, and 3 grams of water are attached to every gram of carbohydrate.
Your Blood Sugar Runs Amok
Depending on the diet you’re following, you don’t get a steady supply of carbohydrates, protein, fat and fiber throughout the day to keep your blood sugar and insulin levels steady, he says. And if you’re following a detox or cleanse diet, the regular influx of high-sugar, low-fiber juice can cause your blood sugar levels to spike and quickly drop, which may cause you to feel extremely hungry a few hours later.
Your Muscles Break Down
During slow-and-steady weight loss – losing no more than about 1% of your body weight per week – 75% of pounds lost are from fat, and 25% are from a combination of water and muscle, Aronne says. Take a more aggressive approach by cutting calories below about 1,000 and 1,200, based on your personal needs, and your body breaks down your muscle proteins for energy, he says.
Your Metabolism Slows
With less muscle, your metabolic rate (the number of calories you burn at rest) automatically drops. That means you burn fewer calories walking, talking and even exercising. Your metabolism eventually drops low enough that you stop losing weight and, when you go off your diet, your metabolism will always be more sluggish than it was before you went on your crash diet, Aronne says.

Health Tips, Diet and Fitness, Weight Loss Help, Food Cooking, Health, Diet, Fitness, Weight Loss, Food

 

About heavybomber:

http://www.heavybomber.com

What is a HeavyBomber? It's a large long-range bomber designed primarily to carry large and heavy bomb loads to distant strategic targets. Heavy bombers are bomber aircraft capable of delivering the largest payload of air-to-ground weaponry (usually bombs) and longest range (takeoff to landing) of their era. Archetypal heavy bombers have therefore usually been among the largest and most powerful military aircraft at any point in time.

Most types of World War I aircraft, including fighters, were used at one time or another for tactical or ground-support bombing operations. The heavy bombers discussed in this section are what would be called strategic bombers in present-day terminology. They were used for bombing such targets as docks and harbor installations, rail yards, factories, and cities. The mission of these aircraft required them to have sufficient radius of action and payload capability to deliver a significant bomb load on a variety of targets and to carry enough defensive armament to offer a reasonable probability of mission success and safe return to base. Heavy bombers were used singly and in formations of several aircraft, on both day and night missions. Speed, maneuverability, and rate of climb were of secondary importance although a high ceiling was considered desirable.

The mission requirements for heavy bombers led to large, heavy (for that time period) multiengine aircraft just as they do today. Gross weights varied widely but usually fell in the range from 8000 to 16 000 pounds, and some of the German special-purpose R-planes weighed over 30 000 pounds (ref. 68). Two engines were used on most designs, although examples can be found of aircraft with three, four, and five engines. Most of the aircraft were multibay strut-and-wire-braced biplanes; however, several triplanes appeared, one of which is described [48] herein. At war's end, there were several German designs for highly advanced monoplane bombers that incorporated thick, cantilever wings (ref. 68). Construction of most heavy bombers consisted of a conventional wood framework covered with fabric.
The first of the large, heavy bombers was the Sikorsky Ilya Muromets, which first flew in February 1914. Caproni, Gotha, Friedrichshafen, A.E.G., Handley Page, and Vickers are a few other names that will be forever linked with the large, heavy bombers of the World War I era. Three heavy bombers, the German Gotha G.IV, the British Handley Page 0/400, and the Italian Caproni CA.42 are discussed here to give a glimpse of the size and characteristics of this class of aircraft.
The first heavy bomber was designed as an airliner. Igor Sikorsky, an engineer educated in St Petersburg, but born in Kiev of Polish-Russian ancestry designed the Sikorsky Ilya Muromets to fly between his birthplace and his new home. It did so briefly until August 1914, when the Russo-Balt wagon factory converted to a bomber version, with British Sunbeam Crusader V8 engines in place of the German ones in the passenger plane. By December 1914 a squadron of 10 was bombing German positions on the Eastern Front and by summer 1916 there were twenty. It was well-armed with nine machine guns, including a tail gun and initially was immune to German and Austro-Hungarian air attack.[1] The Sikorsky bomber had a wingspan just a few feet shorter than, with a bomb load only 3% of, a World War II Avro Lancaster.
History, War, Ancient wars, World Wars, Aircrafts, Fighter Jets, Passenger Airplanes, Helicopters, Bombers, Drones, Gliders, UFO, New Tech, Video, Politics

 

About allowedly:

http://www.allowedly.com

This word is first recorded in the period 1595–1605. allowedly means "by allowance", general admission or agreement; admittedly.
The Website help us to Learn about What are allowed and forbidden in our daily life. Everything you need to know about law, Right vs Wrong:
Ethics or moral philosophy studies morality and serves as a guide for people in choosing the right path in life. The concept of what is good and evil can be confusing because what one may conceive as bad may be conceive as acceptable to another.
There are many factors that can affect how an individual views a conduct or an act as good or evil. It is rooted deeply in how he is brought up and how he is influenced by his environment. The greatest factor that can affect one’s concept of right and wrong is religion.
Just a few years ago, before the world experienced the last world war, the line between what is right and what is wrong was clearly defined. People were more religious and adhered to the standards that were set by society.
People were aware of which things were right and which were wrong. Although some of them follow the wrong path, many chose to stay on the right one because it was what was acceptable. How can you tell if what you do or choose is the right or the wrong thing?
Some primatologists believe that man is born with a moral grammar that provides him with the ability to generate moral judgment. They argue that parents and teachers only aid in the development and application of this innate moral grammar. Through this, an individual can choose to do the right thing which is one that conforms to the law, to justice, and to morality. It is what is in accordance with reason and what is deemed as proper and desirable.
To choose the wrong thing means that one commits an act that is contrary to the law, morality, and conscience. It is not in accordance with the truth and what is considered as an appropriate or suitable behavior or conduct.
The word “right” comes from the Latin word “rectus” which means “straight” or “right” and came to the English language through the Old English word “riht” which means “just, fair, proper, or good.”
The word “wrong,” on the other hand, comes from the Latin word “pravus” which means “crooked.” It developed its use to connote a bad, immoral, or unjust behavior in the 1300s.
Summary:
1.Doing the right thing is an act that is in accordance with the law, justice, and morality while doing the wrong thing is an act that is not in accordance with morality or the law.
2.The right way is one which is proper, appropriate, and suitable while the wrong way is one which not suitable or appropriate.
3.The word “right” is from the Latin word “rectus” meaning “straight” while the word “wrong” is from the Latin word “pravus” meaning “crooked.”
4.Doing the right or the wrong thing depends largely on the individual and how he is brought up and how environmental factors have affected the way he behaves or acts.
5.Each man is born with the ability to choose which path to follow, but deeply religious individuals tend to do the right thing more often than those who are not.
what is right? what is wrong? Daily Life Q&A, World Q&A, Tech Q&A, Opinion Q&A, Business Q&A, Politics Q&A, Tv & Media Q&A, Relationships Q&A, Travel Q&A, Video Q&A, Daily Life, World, Tech, Opinion, Business, Politics, Tv & Media, Relationships, Travel, Video

 

About catimini:

http://www.catimini.org

The French brand, Catimini, has been around and designing childrenswear since 1972. Catomini for the girls: buy pretty Catimini dresses, beautiful Catimini coats and each season, discover the new models of the iconic Catimini waterproof gum fabric. Catimini's children's collections take on the imagination of their consumers with unique prints for kids 0 -14 years old. They offer exclusive and high-quality selections where poetry and creativity come together with audacity. The materials are always beautiful with unexpected prints. Also, discover the Catimini baby collections.
Launched in 1972 by Monique and Paul Salmon, the French brand Catimini has been leading the way in children's fashion for over forty years.
Between 1987 and 1998, they opened no less than 114 boutiques worldwide including a 600m2 store in the centre of Paris. In 2003, shoes, sunglasses, wallpaper and bedding was added to the incredible Catimini offer and the brand has become a lasting flagship for children's fashion.
They know that imagination is essential for little ones, so the brand's stylists assist them in their quest for a fashion personality, from birth through to adolescence. Season after season, Catimini produces complete, comfortable collections for babies, girls and boys from 0 to 14 years old. From dresses to jeans passing by parkas, sweatshirts, jogging bottoms or soft toys, each Catimini article is designed with expertise. Beautiful materials, attention to detail, meticulous finishing touches...Catimini's reputation for children's casualwear with French style is deserved.
Exotic inspirations, other-worldly prints...Catimini is a wardrobe journey into fashion inspired by the world. The label adapts nomadic style to create city clothing, full of practical articles that give children freedom of movement. The preferred brand for adventurers in the making, Catimini patterns are always playful, full of bright colours and mix and match iconic fabrics, making for a label that stands out a mile.
We love the brand's abundant imagination that transports children to a brand new world of fashion: from a baby's layette to day-to-day wear, sportswear and occasionwear or accessories.
Originality, escapism, generosity and expertise: those are Catimini's 4 key values. Season after season, the label creates new chapters in their “story-making studio” with new themes and worlds, each more original than the next. A garden wonderland, tropical glasshouse, luxuriant jungle, a pretty ice floe, imaginary sky, stylish savannah...Catimini kids' clothes are always staged in advertising campaigns that rival the most beautiful fashion collections and make children's and adults' eyes shine.
Catimini, Baby Accessories, Babysuits, Blankets, Shawls, Coats, Jackets, Dresses, Hats, Leggings, Outfit Sets, Shoes, S******ts , Socks, Swimwear, Tops, Towels, Trousers, Shorts, Boy, Baby, Girl

 

About discommend:

http://www.discommend.com

What is discommend meaning? 1)to express disapproval of 2)to bring into disfavour ; Discommend.com is about What You hate & What you Like About World, Politics, News, Entertainment, Living, Tech, Sport, Communication, Relationship and ...
Buddha said desire is the root cause of all evil. The desire to have wealth, power, selfishness, pushed Humans to hate people, in the name of Religion, ethnicity, colour, race and languages.
A belief system of political parties extended an agenda of hate, intolerance among people to gather milage for their beliefs.
There is only two species of male and female to lead a happy life irrespective of societies barriers.
The Origin of Hatred: Brain scans reveal how hate begins to emerge--and it's not too far from love
If love is said to come from the heart, what about hate? Along with music, religion, irony and a host of other complex concepts, researchers are on the hunt for the neurological underpinnings of hatred. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has begun to reveal how the strong emotion starts to emerge in the brain.
Neurobiologist Semir Zeki, of University College London's Laboratory of Neurobiology, led a study last year that scanned the brains of 17 adults as they gazed at images of a person they professed to hate. Across the board, areas in the medial frontal gyrus, right putamen, premotor cortex and medial insula activated. Parts of this so-called "hate circuit," the researchers noted, are also involved in initiating aggressive behavior, but feelings of aggression itself—as well as anger, danger and fear—show different patterns in the brain than hatred does.
Certainly loathing can spring from positive feelings, such as romantic love (in the guise of a former partner or perceived rival). But love seems to deactivate areas traditionally associated with judgment, whereas hatred activates areas in the frontal cortex that may be involved in evaluating another person and predicting their behavior.
Some commonalities with love, however, are striking, the study authors note. The areas of the putamen and insula that are activated by individual hate are the same as those for romantic love. "This linkage may account for why love and hate are so closely linked to each other in life," they wrote in the October 2008 PLoS ONE.
This initial study, however, does not have everyone convinced that researchers have uncovered the neurological root of hatred. "This is really early in the game," says Scott Huettel, an associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University who was not involved in the study. Other emotions, such as happiness and sadness, are much better understood, he says: "Even things like regret have some pretty clear neural coordinates."
The next step, Huettel points out, will be to conduct more research on clearly defined aspects and types of hatred—including group hate rather than that aimed at individuals—then test them across several different situations. It will also be important, he notes, to look for cases in which parts of the brain have been impaired and emotional tendencies have changed. "Once you show the positive activation and impairment when the brain region is damaged you have good evidence that you have at least part of the circuit," he says.

What purpose the emotion of hate serves is also still up for conjecture. Although some argue that the feeling has an evolutionary advantage—it might help an individual decide whom to confront or scorn—Huettel notes that, like pinpointing a dedicated neural circuit, it is all just "educated guesses at this point."
Discommend ; Where you can learn more and more about life and social behaviors; You can say what you think, what you hate,what you love, what is right and what is wrong in your opinion ...
Discommend, Hate, Love, Like, Dislike, Good, Bad, Wrong, right, Ideas, your idea, your opinion, your point of view, life hacks, opinions, help, how to, why, how, where, best way, best idea, social, best work, behaviour, best behaviour, right idea, best ideas


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